Pattern

Basic word order

In what order do languages arrange subject, object, and verb?

Two of the six logically possible orders dominate the world’s languages — SOV (Japanese, Hindi, Turkish) and SVO (English, Mandarin, Romance). The rest are rare, or set by information structure rather than a fixed template.

意味領域: 文法関係
形式: 語順

方略

SOV

[S] [O] [V]

Subject – Object – Verb. The largest group in WALS chapter 81: 564 of the 1,376 languages surveyed, about 41%.

Japanese · SOV Korean · SOV Ainu · SOV Turkish · SOV Azerbaijani · SOV Turkmen · SOV Uzbek · SOV Uyghur · SOV Kazakh · SOV Kyrgyz · SOV Tatar · SOV Bashkir · SOV Chuvash · SOV Sakha (Yakut) · SOV Mongolian (Khalkha) · SOV Buryat · SOV Kalmyk · SOV Manchu · SOV Evenki · SOV Hindi · SOV Urdu · SOV Bengali · SOV Punjabi · SOV Marathi · SOV Gujarati · SOV Nepali · SOV Sinhala · SOV Assamese · SOV Odia · SOV Sindhi · SOV Pali · SOV Persian (Farsi) · SOV Tajik · SOV Pashto · SOV Kurdish (Kurmanji) · SOV Ossetian · SOV Balochi · SOV Georgian · SOV Mingrelian · SOV Avar · SOV Lezgian · SOV Adyghe · SOV Abkhaz · SOV Armenian · SOV Mansi · SOV Khanty · SOV Udmurt · SOV Komi-Zyrian · SOV Mari (Meadow) · SOV Erzya (Mordvinic) · SOV Tibetan · SOV Burmese · SOV Yi (Nuosu) · SOV Dzongkha · SOV Newar · SOV Meitei (Manipuri) · SOV Lisu · SOV Tamil · SOV Telugu · SOV Kannada · SOV Malayalam · SOV Tulu · SOV Brahui · SOV Basque · SOV Inuktitut · SOV Kalaallisut (Greenlandic) · SOV Central Yupik · SOV Navajo · SOV Cherokee · SOV Lakota · SOV Hopi · SOV Quechua · SOV Aymara · SOV Guaraní · SOV Amharic · SOV Tigrinya · SOV Somali · SOV Oromo · SOV Ket · SOV Chukchi · SOV Nivkh (Gilyak) · SOV Burushaski · SOV Kalam · SOV Akkadian · SOV Santali · SOV Bambara · SOV Khoekhoe (Nama) · SOV Wayuu (Wayuunaiki) · SOV Harari · SOV Dahalo · SOV Sumerian · SOV Elamite · SOV Hittite · SOV Saraiki · SOV Jeju · SOV Tarahumara (Rarámuri) · SOV Bribri · SOV Kuna (Guna) · SOV Kogi · SOV Cha’palaa · SOV Yanomamö · SOV Wailaki · SOV Yelî Dnye · SOV Zaghawa · SOV Japanese Sign Language · SOV

SVO

[S] [V] [O]

Subject – Verb – Object. The second-largest group, 488 languages, about 35%.

Finnish · SVO English · SVO German · SVO / V2 Dutch · SVO / V2 Afrikaans · SVO / V2 Swedish · SVO / V2 Danish · SVO / V2 Norwegian · SVO / V2 Icelandic · SVO / V2 Faroese · SVO / V2 Yiddish · SVO / V2 French · SVO Spanish · SVO Italian · SVO Portuguese · SVO Romanian · SVO Catalan · SVO Galician · SVO Occitan · SVO Romansh · SVO Sardinian · SVO Russian · SVO Ukrainian · SVO Belarusian · SVO Polish · SVO Czech · SVO Slovak · SVO Bulgarian · SVO Macedonian · SVO Serbian · SVO Croatian · SVO Slovenian · SVO Greek (Modern) · SVO Albanian · SVO Lithuanian · SVO Latvian · SVO Estonian · SVO Mandarin Chinese · SVO Cantonese · SVO Wu (Shanghainese) · SVO Min Nan (Hokkien) · SVO Hakka · SVO Vietnamese · SVO Thai · SVO Lao · SVO Khmer · SVO Mon · SVO Zhuang · SVO Shan · SVO Hmong · SVO Khasi · SVO Indonesian · SVO Malay · SVO Javanese · SVO Sundanese · SVO Acehnese · SVO Balinese · SVO Minangkabau · SVO Palauan · SVO Marshallese · SVO Swahili · SVO Zulu · SVO Xhosa · SVO Shona · SVO Chichewa (Nyanja) · SVO Kinyarwanda · SVO Kirundi · SVO Luganda · SVO Kikuyu (Gĩkũyũ) · SVO Lingala · SVO Kongo (Kikongo) · SVO Tsonga · SVO Yoruba · SVO Igbo · SVO Akan (Twi) · SVO Ewe · SVO Fon · SVO Wolof · SVO Fula (Fulfulde) · SVO Sango · SVO Hausa · SVO Assyrian Neo-Aramaic · SVO Maltese · SVO Egyptian Arabic · SVO Moroccan Arabic (Darija) · SVO Hebrew (Modern) · SVO Dinka · SVO Dholuo · SVO Tok Pisin · SVO Nahuatl · SVO Esperanto · SVO Coptic · SVO Juǀ’hoan · SVO Franco-Provençal (Arpitan) · SVO Walloon · SVO Piedmontese · SVO Ligurian · SVO Lombard · SVO Corsican · SVO Asturian · SVO Romagnol · SVO Extremaduran · SVO Chavacano · SVO Papiamento · SVO Middle English · SVO Old French · V2 / SVO !Xóõ (Taa) · SVO Ido · SVO Volapük · SVO Quenya · SVO

VSO

[V] [S] [O]

Verb – Subject – Object. 95 languages, about 7%. Robust in Celtic, Polynesian, Classical Semitic, and parts of Mesoamerica.

Welsh · VSO Irish · VSO Scottish Gaelic · VSO Breton · VSO Cornish · VSO Manx · VSO Arabic (MSA) · VSO Biblical Hebrew · VSO Classical Syriac · VSO Tamazight (Berber) · VSO Maasai · VSO Tagalog (Filipino) · VSO / VOS Cebuano · VSO / VOS Ilocano · VSO Hiligaynon · VSO Samoan · VSO Tongan · VSO Hawaiian · VSO Māori · VSO Tahitian · VSO Fijian · VSO Kʼicheʼ · VSO Mam · VSO Zapotec · VSO Mixtec · VSO Old Welsh · VSO Geʽez · VSO Punic · VSO Phoenician · VSO Halkomelem · VSO Squamish · VSO Kwak’wala · VSO Tsimshian · VSO Karamojong · VSO Teso · VSO

VOS

[V] [O] [S]

Verb – Object – Subject. 25 languages; textbook case is Malagasy.

Yucatec Maya · VOS Tzotzil · VOS Malagasy · VOS Mixe (Ayuujk) · VOS Zoque · VOS

OVS

[O] [V] [S]

Object – Verb – Subject. 11 languages; Hixkaryana is the canonical attestation.

Hixkaryana · OVS Klingon · OVS

Free / no dominant

[…] driven by information structure

Word order is determined pragmatically — by topic, focus, or contrast — rather than by a fixed syntactic template. 189 languages, about 14%. Includes Latin, Sanskrit, Hungarian, and many Australian languages.

Cree · free / no dominant Ojibwe · free / no dominant Mohawk · free / no dominant Latin · free / no dominant Ancient Greek · free / no dominant Sanskrit · free / no dominant Old Church Slavonic · free / no dominant Gothic · free / no dominant Hungarian · free / no dominant Northern Sami · free / no dominant Warlpiri · free / no dominant Dyirbal · free / no dominant Pitjantjatjara · free / no dominant Old English · free / mixed OV-VO Aequian · free Egyptian (Ancient) · free / VSO-leaning Nez Perce · free / SOV-leaning Murrinh-Patha · free Tiwi · free / SOV-leaning Gupapuyngu · free Yimas · free / SOV-leaning Lojban · free (SVO-like but operator-driven) American Sign Language · topic–comment (often SVO or OSV) British Sign Language · topic–comment Chinese Sign Language · topic–comment French Sign Language · topic–comment New Zealand Sign Language · topic–comment

地理的分布

各ドットは一つの言語で、採用している方略によって色分けされている。ドットをクリックすると表層形が表示される。

SOV SVO VSO VOS OVS Free / no dominant

Marker positions are approximate cultural centres — they are not territorial claims. Tiles: OpenFreeMap · © OpenStreetMap contributors · Dark tiles: © CARTO.

言語比較

Language	Strategy	Expression	Note
Japanese Japonic	SOV	SOV	Dryer 2013
Korean Koreanic	SOV	SOV	Dryer 2013
Ainu Ainu (isolate, critically endangered)	SOV	SOV	verb-final; case marking + agreement Tamura 2000
Turkish Turkic › Oghuz	SOV	SOV	Dryer 2013
Azerbaijani Turkic › Oghuz	SOV	SOV
Turkmen Turkic › Oghuz	SOV	SOV
Uzbek Turkic › Karluk	SOV	SOV
Uyghur Turkic › Karluk	SOV	SOV
Kazakh Turkic › Kipchak	SOV	SOV
Kyrgyz Turkic › Kipchak	SOV	SOV
Tatar Turkic › Kipchak	SOV	SOV
Bashkir Turkic › Kipchak	SOV	SOV
Chuvash Turkic › Oghur	SOV	SOV
Sakha (Yakut) Turkic › Siberian	SOV	SOV
Mongolian (Khalkha) Mongolic	SOV	SOV
Buryat Mongolic	SOV	SOV
Kalmyk Mongolic	SOV	SOV
Manchu Tungusic	SOV	SOV
Evenki Tungusic	SOV	SOV
Hindi Indo-European › Indo-Aryan	SOV	SOV	Dryer 2013
Urdu Indo-European › Indo-Aryan	SOV	SOV
Bengali Indo-European › Indo-Aryan	SOV	SOV
Punjabi Indo-European › Indo-Aryan	SOV	SOV
Marathi Indo-European › Indo-Aryan	SOV	SOV
Gujarati Indo-European › Indo-Aryan	SOV	SOV
Nepali Indo-European › Indo-Aryan	SOV	SOV
Sinhala Indo-European › Indo-Aryan	SOV	SOV
Assamese Indo-European › Indo-Aryan	SOV	SOV
Odia Indo-European › Indo-Aryan	SOV	SOV
Sindhi Indo-European › Indo-Aryan	SOV	SOV
Pali Indo-European › Indo-Aryan (Middle, liturgical)	SOV	SOV	Pali grammars show pragmatically-flexible OV order
Persian (Farsi) Indo-European › Iranian	SOV	SOV
Tajik Indo-European › Iranian	SOV	SOV
Pashto Indo-European › Iranian	SOV	SOV
Kurdish (Kurmanji) Indo-European › Iranian	SOV	SOV	Kurmanji; some Sorani patterns differ
Ossetian Indo-European › Iranian	SOV	SOV
Balochi Indo-European › Iranian	SOV	SOV
Georgian Kartvelian	SOV	SOV	flexible but OV-leaning; some grammars list as "no dominant"
Mingrelian Kartvelian	SOV	SOV
Avar Northeast Caucasian	SOV	SOV
Lezgian Northeast Caucasian	SOV	SOV
Adyghe Northwest Caucasian	SOV	SOV
Abkhaz Northwest Caucasian	SOV	SOV
Armenian Indo-European › Armenian	SOV	SOV
Mansi Uralic › Ob-Ugric	SOV	SOV
Khanty Uralic › Ob-Ugric	SOV	SOV
Udmurt Uralic › Permic	SOV	SOV
Komi-Zyrian Uralic › Permic	SOV	SOV
Mari (Meadow) Uralic › Mari	SOV	SOV
Erzya (Mordvinic) Uralic › Mordvinic	SOV	SOV	OV-leaning but flexible
Finnish Uralic › Finnic	SVO	SVO	flexible word order; SVO is unmarked
Tibetan Sino-Tibetan › Bodish	SOV	SOV
Burmese Sino-Tibetan › Burmish	SOV	SOV
Yi (Nuosu) Sino-Tibetan › Loloish	SOV	SOV
Dzongkha Sino-Tibetan › Bodish	SOV	SOV
Newar Sino-Tibetan › Newaric	SOV	SOV
Meitei (Manipuri) Sino-Tibetan › Kuki-Chin-Naga	SOV	SOV
Lisu Sino-Tibetan › Loloish	SOV	SOV
Tamil Dravidian › Southern	SOV	SOV
Telugu Dravidian › South-Central	SOV	SOV
Kannada Dravidian › Southern	SOV	SOV
Malayalam Dravidian › Southern	SOV	SOV
Tulu Dravidian › Southern	SOV	SOV
Brahui Dravidian › Northern (isolated)	SOV	SOV
Basque Basque (isolate)	SOV	SOV	SOV unmarked; OSV / SVO permitted under focus
Inuktitut Eskimo-Aleut › Inuit	SOV	SOV
Kalaallisut (Greenlandic) Eskimo-Aleut › Inuit	SOV	SOV
Central Yupik Eskimo-Aleut › Yupik	SOV	SOV
Navajo Athabaskan	SOV	SOV
Cherokee Iroquoian	SOV	SOV	verb-final tendency but order is largely free
Cree Algic	Free / no dominant	free / no dominant
Ojibwe Algic	Free / no dominant	free / no dominant
Lakota Siouan	SOV	SOV
Hopi Uto-Aztecan	SOV	SOV
Quechua Quechuan	SOV	SOV
Aymara Aymaran	SOV	SOV
Guaraní Tupian	SOV	SOV	historically SOV; modern Paraguayan Guaraní shows SVO under Spanish contact
Amharic Afro-Asiatic › Semitic	SOV	SOV	Ethio-Semitic is verb-final (areal feature of the Ethiopian highlands)
Tigrinya Afro-Asiatic › Semitic	SOV	SOV
Somali Afro-Asiatic › Cushitic	SOV	SOV
Oromo Afro-Asiatic › Cushitic	SOV	SOV
Ket Yeniseian (isolate-like)	SOV	SOV
Chukchi Chukotko-Kamchatkan	SOV	SOV
Nivkh (Gilyak) isolate	SOV	SOV
Burushaski isolate	SOV	SOV
Kalam Trans-New Guinea › Kalam-Kobon	SOV	SOV	Trans-New Guinea family is strongly verb-final
Akkadian Afro-Asiatic › Semitic (historical)	SOV	SOV	verb-final unlike other Semitic; convergence with Sumerian
English Indo-European › Germanic	SVO	SVO
German Indo-European › Germanic	SVO	SVO / V2	matrix clauses are V2 (verb-second); embedded clauses are SOV
Dutch Indo-European › Germanic	SVO	SVO / V2	V2 matrix, SOV embedded — like German
Afrikaans Indo-European › Germanic	SVO	SVO / V2
Swedish Indo-European › Germanic	SVO	SVO / V2
Danish Indo-European › Germanic	SVO	SVO / V2
Norwegian Indo-European › Germanic	SVO	SVO / V2
Icelandic Indo-European › Germanic	SVO	SVO / V2
Faroese Indo-European › Germanic	SVO	SVO / V2
Yiddish Indo-European › Germanic	SVO	SVO / V2
French Indo-European › Romance	SVO	SVO
Spanish Indo-European › Romance	SVO	SVO	fairly flexible; SVO unmarked
Italian Indo-European › Romance	SVO	SVO
Portuguese Indo-European › Romance	SVO	SVO
Romanian Indo-European › Romance	SVO	SVO
Catalan Indo-European › Romance	SVO	SVO
Galician Indo-European › Romance	SVO	SVO
Occitan Indo-European › Romance	SVO	SVO
Romansh Indo-European › Romance	SVO	SVO
Sardinian Indo-European › Romance	SVO	SVO
Russian Indo-European › Slavic	SVO	SVO	flexible / pragmatically-driven; SVO is the unmarked default
Ukrainian Indo-European › Slavic	SVO	SVO
Belarusian Indo-European › Slavic	SVO	SVO
Polish Indo-European › Slavic	SVO	SVO	rich case allows scrambling
Czech Indo-European › Slavic	SVO	SVO
Slovak Indo-European › Slavic	SVO	SVO
Bulgarian Indo-European › Slavic	SVO	SVO
Macedonian Indo-European › Slavic	SVO	SVO
Serbian Indo-European › Slavic	SVO	SVO
Croatian Indo-European › Slavic	SVO	SVO
Slovenian Indo-European › Slavic	SVO	SVO
Greek (Modern) Indo-European › Hellenic	SVO	SVO	flexible
Albanian Indo-European › Albanian	SVO	SVO
Lithuanian Indo-European › Baltic	SVO	SVO	flexible
Latvian Indo-European › Baltic	SVO	SVO
Estonian Uralic › Finnic	SVO	SVO
Mandarin Chinese Sino-Tibetan › Sinitic	SVO	SVO	with topicalisation it can surface as OSV
Cantonese Sino-Tibetan › Sinitic	SVO	SVO
Wu (Shanghainese) Sino-Tibetan › Sinitic	SVO	SVO
Min Nan (Hokkien) Sino-Tibetan › Sinitic	SVO	SVO
Hakka Sino-Tibetan › Sinitic	SVO	SVO
Vietnamese Austroasiatic › Vietic	SVO	SVO
Thai Tai-Kadai › Tai	SVO	SVO
Lao Tai-Kadai › Tai	SVO	SVO
Khmer Austroasiatic › Khmeric	SVO	SVO
Mon Austroasiatic › Monic	SVO	SVO
Zhuang Tai-Kadai › Tai	SVO	SVO
Shan Tai-Kadai › Tai	SVO	SVO
Hmong Hmong-Mien	SVO	SVO
Khasi Austroasiatic › Khasic	SVO	SVO
Santali Austroasiatic › Munda	SOV	SOV	Munda branch of Austroasiatic is SOV (areal contact with Indo-Aryan)
Indonesian Austronesian › Malayic	SVO	SVO
Malay Austronesian › Malayic	SVO	SVO
Javanese Austronesian › Javanic	SVO	SVO
Sundanese Austronesian › Sundic	SVO	SVO
Acehnese Austronesian › Chamic	SVO	SVO
Balinese Austronesian › Bali-Sasak	SVO	SVO
Minangkabau Austronesian › Malayic	SVO	SVO
Palauan Austronesian › Sunda-Sulawesi	SVO	SVO
Marshallese Austronesian › Oceanic	SVO	SVO
Swahili Atlantic-Congo › Bantu	SVO	SVO
Zulu Atlantic-Congo › Bantu	SVO	SVO
Xhosa Atlantic-Congo › Bantu	SVO	SVO
Shona Atlantic-Congo › Bantu	SVO	SVO
Chichewa (Nyanja) Atlantic-Congo › Bantu	SVO	SVO
Kinyarwanda Atlantic-Congo › Bantu	SVO	SVO
Kirundi Atlantic-Congo › Bantu	SVO	SVO
Luganda Atlantic-Congo › Bantu	SVO	SVO
Kikuyu (Gĩkũyũ) Atlantic-Congo › Bantu	SVO	SVO
Lingala Atlantic-Congo › Bantu	SVO	SVO
Kongo (Kikongo) Atlantic-Congo › Bantu	SVO	SVO
Tsonga Atlantic-Congo › Bantu	SVO	SVO
Yoruba Atlantic-Congo › Volta-Niger	SVO	SVO
Igbo Atlantic-Congo › Volta-Niger	SVO	SVO
Akan (Twi) Atlantic-Congo › Kwa	SVO	SVO
Ewe Atlantic-Congo › Kwa	SVO	SVO
Fon Atlantic-Congo › Kwa	SVO	SVO
Wolof Atlantic-Congo › Atlantic	SVO	SVO
Fula (Fulfulde) Atlantic-Congo › Atlantic	SVO	SVO
Bambara Mande	SOV	SOV	Mande is SOV — unusual for Niger-Congo, where SVO dominates
Sango Atlantic-Congo › Ubangian (creolised)	SVO	SVO
Hausa Afro-Asiatic › Chadic	SVO	SVO
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic Afro-Asiatic › Semitic	SVO	SVO	shift from classical VSO Aramaic
Maltese Afro-Asiatic › Semitic	SVO	SVO	shift from classical VSO Arabic
Egyptian Arabic Afro-Asiatic › Semitic	SVO	SVO
Moroccan Arabic (Darija) Afro-Asiatic › Semitic	SVO	SVO
Hebrew (Modern) Afro-Asiatic › Semitic	SVO	SVO	Modern Hebrew is SVO; Biblical Hebrew was VSO
Dinka Nilo-Saharan › Western Nilotic	SVO	SVO
Dholuo Nilo-Saharan › Western Nilotic	SVO	SVO
Tok Pisin English-based creole (Pacific)	SVO	SVO
Mohawk Iroquoian	Free / no dominant	free / no dominant
Nahuatl Uto-Aztecan	SVO	SVO	historically VSO, modern dialects often SVO under Spanish contact
Esperanto Constructed (a posteriori, Indo-European-based)	SVO	SVO	accusative -n permits scrambling; SVO is by-far the dominant pattern
Welsh Indo-European › Celtic	VSO	VSO	literary Welsh; colloquial uses periphrastic auxiliaries
Irish Indo-European › Celtic	VSO	VSO
Scottish Gaelic Indo-European › Celtic	VSO	VSO
Breton Indo-European › Celtic	VSO	VSO
Cornish Indo-European › Celtic	VSO	VSO
Manx Indo-European › Celtic	VSO	VSO
Arabic (MSA) Afro-Asiatic › Semitic	VSO	VSO	Classical Arabic; MSA permits SVO; many spoken dialects are SVO
Biblical Hebrew Afro-Asiatic › Semitic (historical)	VSO	VSO
Classical Syriac Afro-Asiatic › Semitic (historical)	VSO	VSO
Tamazight (Berber) Afro-Asiatic › Berber	VSO	VSO
Maasai Nilo-Saharan › Eastern Nilotic	VSO	VSO
Tagalog (Filipino) Austronesian › Philippine	VSO	VSO / VOS	Philippine-type voice system; verb-initial
Cebuano Austronesian › Philippine	VSO	VSO / VOS
Ilocano Austronesian › Philippine	VSO	VSO
Hiligaynon Austronesian › Philippine	VSO	VSO
Samoan Austronesian › Polynesian	VSO	VSO
Tongan Austronesian › Polynesian	VSO	VSO
Hawaiian Austronesian › Polynesian	VSO	VSO	also reports of VOS in stative clauses
Māori Austronesian › Polynesian	VSO	VSO
Tahitian Austronesian › Polynesian	VSO	VSO
Fijian Austronesian › Oceanic	VSO	VSO
Yucatec Maya Mayan	VOS	VOS	V-initial with VOS as primary; VSO permitted
Kʼicheʼ Mayan	VSO	VSO
Mam Mayan	VSO	VSO
Tzotzil Mayan	VOS	VOS
Zapotec Otomanguean	VSO	VSO
Mixtec Otomanguean	VSO	VSO
Malagasy Austronesian › Malayo-Polynesian (Barito)	VOS	VOS	textbook example; Verb – Object – Subject
Hixkaryana Cariban	OVS	OVS	Derbyshire 1979; the canonical Object-initial language
Latin Indo-European › Italic (historical)	Free / no dominant	free / no dominant	pragmatically-driven; SOV statistically the most common in Classical prose
Ancient Greek Indo-European › Hellenic (historical)	Free / no dominant	free / no dominant
Sanskrit Indo-European › Indo-Aryan (historical / liturgical)	Free / no dominant	free / no dominant	SOV statistically most common but order is famously flexible
Old Church Slavonic Indo-European › Slavic (historical)	Free / no dominant	free / no dominant
Gothic Indo-European › Germanic (historical)	Free / no dominant	free / no dominant
Hungarian Uralic › Ugric	Free / no dominant	free / no dominant	word order is information-structure-driven (topic + focus)
Northern Sami Uralic › Sami	Free / no dominant	free / no dominant
Coptic Afro-Asiatic › Egyptian (historical / liturgical)	SVO	SVO
Warlpiri Pama-Nyungan	Free / no dominant	free / no dominant	famously non-configurational; case marking + agreement carry the load
Dyirbal Pama-Nyungan	Free / no dominant	free / no dominant
Pitjantjatjara Pama-Nyungan	Free / no dominant	free / no dominant
Khoekhoe (Nama) Khoe-Kwadi (with clicks)	SOV	SOV
Juǀ’hoan Tuu / Kx’a (with clicks)	SVO	SVO
Wayuu (Wayuunaiki) Arawakan	SOV	SOV	Arawakan; SOV documented in modern grammars
Franco-Provençal (Arpitan) Indo-European › Romance	SVO	SVO
Walloon Indo-European › Romance	SVO	SVO
Piedmontese Indo-European › Romance	SVO	SVO
Ligurian Indo-European › Romance	SVO	SVO
Lombard Indo-European › Romance	SVO	SVO
Corsican Indo-European › Romance	SVO	SVO
Asturian Indo-European › Romance	SVO	SVO
Romagnol Indo-European › Romance	SVO	SVO
Extremaduran Indo-European › Romance	SVO	SVO
Chavacano Spanish-based creole	SVO	SVO
Papiamento Portuguese-/Spanish-based creole	SVO	SVO
Old English Indo-European › Germanic (historical)	Free / no dominant	free / mixed OV-VO	Old English; OV and VO both attested, V2 features in matrix clauses
Middle English Indo-European › Germanic (historical)	SVO	SVO	shifts to fixed SVO during the Middle English period
Old French Indo-European › Romance (historical)	SVO	V2 / SVO	Old French is V2; modern French has lost it
Old Welsh Indo-European › Celtic (historical)	VSO	VSO
Geʽez Afro-Asiatic › Semitic (liturgical)	VSO	VSO
Harari Afro-Asiatic › Semitic	SOV	SOV
Dahalo Afro-Asiatic › Cushitic (with clicks)	SOV	SOV
Aequian Indo-European (historical Italic-adjacent)	Free / no dominant	free	minimal corpus
Punic Afro-Asiatic › Semitic (historical Phoenician)	VSO	VSO
Phoenician Afro-Asiatic › Semitic (historical)	VSO	VSO
Sumerian isolate (historical)	SOV	SOV	isolate; verb-final
Elamite isolate (historical)	SOV	SOV
Hittite Indo-European › Anatolian (historical)	SOV	SOV	Anatolian IE; verb-final
Egyptian (Ancient) Afro-Asiatic › Egyptian (historical)	Free / no dominant	free / VSO-leaning	Old Egyptian VSO; later stages drift
Saraiki Indo-European › Indo-Aryan	SOV	SOV
Jeju Koreanic	SOV	SOV
Mixe (Ayuujk) Mixe-Zoquean	VOS	VOS	Mixe-Zoquean generally V-initial
Zoque Mixe-Zoquean	VOS	VOS
Tarahumara (Rarámuri) Uto-Aztecan	SOV	SOV
Bribri Chibchan	SOV	SOV
Kuna (Guna) Chibchan	SOV	SOV
Kogi Chibchan	SOV	SOV
Cha’palaa Barbacoan	SOV	SOV
Yanomamö Yanomaman	SOV	SOV
Halkomelem Salishan	VSO	VSO
Squamish Salishan	VSO	VSO
Kwak’wala Wakashan	VSO	VSO
Tsimshian Tsimshianic	VSO	VSO
Nez Perce Sahaptian	Free / no dominant	free / SOV-leaning
Wailaki Athabaskan (California)	SOV	SOV
Murrinh-Patha Southern Daly	Free / no dominant	free
Tiwi Tiwian (isolate-like)	Free / no dominant	free / SOV-leaning
Gupapuyngu Pama-Nyungan › Yolŋu	Free / no dominant	free
Yimas Lower Sepik	Free / no dominant	free / SOV-leaning
Yelî Dnye Yele (isolate)	SOV	SOV
!Xóõ (Taa) Tuu (with clicks)	SVO	SVO
Karamojong Nilo-Saharan › Eastern Nilotic	VSO	VSO
Teso Nilo-Saharan › Eastern Nilotic	VSO	VSO
Zaghawa Nilo-Saharan › Saharan	SOV	SOV
Ido Constructed (a posteriori, Esperanto offshoot)	SVO	SVO
Volapük Constructed (a posteriori)	SVO	SVO
Lojban Constructed (logical / a priori)	Free / no dominant	free (SVO-like but operator-driven)	predicate-argument logical structure; gismu order is flexible via prenex
Klingon Constructed (fictional)	OVS	OVS	Marc Okrand deliberately picked OVS as a typological rarity
Quenya Constructed (fictional, Tolkien)	SVO	SVO	Tolkien Quenya is broadly SVO with poetic flexibility
American Sign Language Sign language	Free / no dominant	topic–comment (often SVO or OSV)	topic-prominent; analysis depends on theoretical framework
British Sign Language Sign language	Free / no dominant	topic–comment
Japanese Sign Language Sign language	SOV	SOV	tends toward verb-final, like spoken Japanese
Chinese Sign Language Sign language	Free / no dominant	topic–comment
French Sign Language Sign language	Free / no dominant	topic–comment
New Zealand Sign Language Sign language	Free / no dominant	topic–comment

例文

「自然訳 / 直訳 / グロス」を切り替えて、同じ意味を各言語がどう構成するかを見比べる。

Japanese · 日本語

猫が魚を食べる。

neko ga sakana wo taberu.

自然訳: The cat eats the fish.

English

The cat eats the fish.

自然訳: The cat eats the fish.

Welsh · Cymraeg

Mae’r gath yn bwyta’r pysgodyn.

自然訳: The cat eats the fish.

Malagasy

Mihinana ny trondro ny saka.

自然訳: The cat eats the fish.

参考文献

Comrie 1989 01

Comrie, Bernard (1989).

Language Universals and Linguistic Typology.

2nd edition. Blackwell.
Croft 1990 02

Croft, William (1990).

Typology and Universals.

Cambridge University Press.
Dryer 2013 03

Dryer, Matthew S. (2013).

Order of Subject, Object and Verb.

In Dryer, Matthew S.; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.), WALS Online (v2020.4), Chapter 81. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. https://wals.info/chapter/81
Dryer & Haspelmath 2013 04

Dryer, Matthew S.; Haspelmath, Martin (2013).

The World Atlas of Language Structures Online.

Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. https://wals.info
Tamura 2000 05

Tamura, Suzuko (2000).

The Ainu Language.

ICHEL Linguistic Studies, Vol. 2. Sanseido, Tokyo.

訂正

ここに書かれていることは誤っている可能性がある。記述に異議を出す、抜けている言語を足す、あるいは元になっているファイルを直接編集する。

記述に異議を出す言語を追加する出典の問題

記述元 src/lib/data/patterns/word-order.ts 編集 ↗ 履歴 ↗ 訂正の手続きについて →

方略

地理的分布

言語比較

例文

参考文献

関連パターン

訂正